SEMANTIC

ISTILAH-ISTILAH DALAM SEMANTIC

Untuk Mahasiswa Sastra Inggris yang menggambil Mata Kuliah Semantics
Ø Semantic is the major branch of linguistics studying about the meanings in a language.
Ø Meanings are ideas or concepts that can be transferred from the mind of the speaker to the mind of the listeners or readers in the form of one language.
Ø The important of semantic is being a crucial subject at least if it is seen from two aspects; language teaching and communication. Why? Because semantics as the study of meaning is central to the study of communication, and as communication becomes more and more a crucial factor in social organization, the need to understand it becomes more and more pressing.
Ø Lexical meaning discusses denotation, connotation, ambiguity, synonymy, hyponymy, polysemy, homophony, and homonymy.
Ø Lexeme is smallest unit that has meaning.
Ø Figurative meanings/stylistics usually discusses the beauty to catch the meaning of beautiful language.
Ø Three aspects of figurative meaning; simile, metaphor, personification
Ø Simile is indirect comparison by using word such as “like” or “as”.
Ø Metaphor is direct comparison e.g. “blazing lamp”
Ø Personification
Ø Denotation, the meaning of a word is primarily what it refers to the real world; this meaning is given in a dictionary.
Ø Connotation is words become related with certain characteristics of item to which they refer, which may or may not be indicated in a dictionary.
Ø Ambiguity is a word or a sentence that can be understood or interpreted in more than one way.
Ø Homonym is different words having the same form or spelling, e.g. bank: (financial institution and side of river).
Ø Homophone is different words which have the same pronunciation, e.g. “to” and “too”.
Ø Vagueness is lack of specification.
Ø Kinds of vagueness: referential vagueness, indeterminacy of meaning, lack of specification in the meaning of an item, disjunction in the specification of the meaning of an item.
o Referential vagueness the meaning of lexical item is in principal clear enough.
o Indeterminacy of meaning is the meaning of an item seems indeterminate.
o Lack of specification in the meaning of an item is clear but is only generally specified.
o Disjunction in the specification of the meaning of an item is the meaning involved an either or statement of different interpretation possibilities.
Ø Polisemy is a word that has multiple meaning, e.g. neck; part of the body + part of the bottle + part of shirt.
Ø Synonymy is two words having same sense or same meaning.
Ø Antonym is words which are in the same sense opposite in meaning.
Ø Hyponymy is a word that the meaning contains the entire meaning or called “super ordinate”, e.g. swan and duck are hyponymy of super ordinate bird.
Ø Pragmatic is language whish is applied in verbal communication or usually called formal semantic.
Ø Sentence meaning is usually used in written language.
Ø Theories for discussing sentence meaning; predicate calculus, deep structure, and truth condition theory.
Ø Predicate calculus is infinite number of predicate, which can be developed into many different ways.
Ø Deep structure is the output of the base component and the input of both the transformational and semantic component result a meaning.
Ø Truth condition theory is discussing sentence meaning and the complete discussion of sentence meaning sentence meaning according to truth condition theory.
Ø Formal semantic is the study of use rather than meaning, the study of that part of meaning which is not purely truth conditional; the study of performance rather than competence.
Ø Analytic sentence is sentences, which are true by definition.
Ø Synthetic sentence is sentences which are not true or false because of the words comprise them.
Ø Entailment is one sentence entail another if the meaning of the first sentence include the meaning of the second sentence.
Ø Surface sentence is the output of the transformational and the input of the phonological component result a pronunciation.
Ø Presupposition is a word that is used to make implicit meaning.
Ø Implicit meaning is the meaning does not exist in written language.