Aplied Linguistics

The Final Duties of Applied to Linguistics, Lectured by Hj. Syafiyah, M.A

1।define and mention the scope of Applied Linguistics
2. a. Explain the prescriptive and descriptive views of language
b. Explain How an Applied linguist perceives language
3. a. Explain how English develops and becomes a lingua franca in the world communication
b. What is the implication of this fact in the domain of Applied Linguistic studies?
4. Explain briefly the development of English Language Teaching methodology
5. a. what do you understand about communicative competence
b. How does the idea of communicative competence influence all areas of Applied Linguistics?
6. One of the areas of Applied linguistics is Discourse Analysis. Mention and Explain 3 areas of study which contribute to this field.
7. Explain briefly the development and future direction of Applied Linguistics.

ANSWERS

1. The Scopes of Applied Linguistics has three major conceptual areas of study, they are:
a. Language and education
This area includes with the language that has correlation with education or sometimes is using in educational area, for example:
· First-language education, when a child studies their home language or languages
· Language testing
· Clinical linguistics: treatment of speech and communication impairments, developmental.
· Foreign language education, when someone studies the language of another country.
b. Language, work and law
This area includes with the language that has correlation with law and working area, for example:
· Workplace communication
· Forensic linguistic
· Language planning: the making of decision, by using institutional status and including their use in education.
c. Language, Information and law
This area includes with the language that has correlation with the information and use in law area, for example:
· Literary statistic: study of relationship between linguistic choices and effect in literature.
· Critical Discourse analysis (CDA): study of relationship between linguistic choices and effect in persuasive use of language
· Translation and interpretation
· Information design
· Lexicography

2.
a. A Descriptive Language is an account of a language that seeks to describe how it is used objectively, accurately, systematically, and comprehensively. Moreover, the speakers say what does happen.
A prescriptive Language is an account of a language that sets out rules (prescriptions) for how it should be used and for what should not be used (proscriptions), based on norms derived from a particular model of grammar. In addition, the speaker say what ought to happen.
b. Speaking about how an applied linguistic perceives as a language, we should see that applied linguistics is generally felt as an interdisciplinary field of research for the study of all aspects of language use. In addition, one of the reasons why it is considered as a language because an applied linguistic is primarily deals with foreign, mother tongue and second language acquisition. In conclusion, it is the same case with the language itself, in which a language and an applied linguistic are need to be practiced by the speakers.

3.
a. The way how English develops and becomes a lingua franca in the world communication, as we know that Lingua franca is a regard for people in some countries who speak a new variety of English, which this phenomenon is sometimes caused by either the influences in their childhood language acquisition and cultural identity. Which commonly this language is sometimes used in communication among people where no native speakers are involved. In addition, the English of lingua franca needed to help or develop intercultural competence: the sensitivity to other cultural norms and the ability to adapt and function appropriately when interacting with people from other cultures.
b. There are some implications of the lingua franca in applied linguistics studies. However, these implications made matters in its use such as the clarity and comprehensibility rather than conformity. In his book, Guy Cook says that lingua Franca affects language planning, or in addition, it specifically affects the learners and users of English.
4. The development of English Language Teaching Methodology consists of:
a. The direct method, this method used a concept of language learning very different from that implicit in grammar-translation. The knowledge of English here is no longer to be the object of scholarship attainable simply by hard work. Therefore, the success in this method measured by the degree to which the learner’s language proficiency approximated to that of the native speaker.
b. Grammar-translation language teaching, was established in Latin and ancient Greek. Grammar rules explained to the students by their own language, and vocabulary lists learned by using translation equivalents, and then sentences especially constructed to contain only the grammar and vocabulary that had been translated into the student’s first language.
c. The communicative approach, it was essentially psychological, Language-Learning Success is assessed neither in terms of accurate grammar and pronunciation for their own sake, and the ability to do things with the language, appropriately, fluently, and effectively. There are far-reaching consequences as both the macro level of syllabus and curriculum design and the micro level of classroom activity. At macro level, there have been the English for specific purpose (ESP) in which tries to develop the language and discourse skills which enable to be used and needed in particular job. At the micro level, there has been the development of Task-Based instruction, that learning is organized around task related to the real-world activities.
d. Natural’ language learning, in natural approach an adult learner can repeat the route to proficiency of the native speaking child. The idea was that learning would take place without explanation or grading, and without correction of errors. And the approach of Natural learning was based on theorizing and research in SLA and the view of SLA in this approach was derived directly from mainstream linguistics research into child first language acquisition. On the other hand, this approach was culturally insensitive. In natural approach a language,\ learning doesn’t need to involve hard work.


5.
a. Communicative competence is the ability to choose a communication behavior that is both appropriate and effective for a given situation.
b. In the first-language education – it was used to justify a shift away from developing only mechanical language skills towards a more rounded capacity to communicate.
In information design – it supported the view that that starting facts is not enough, it also need to be easily accessible.
In Speech Therapy - it justified an increased emphasis on social knowledge and skills or to deficiencies in grammar in and pronunciation.
In Translation - it strengthened the case for finding an equivalence effect rather than only in formal and literal equivalence.

6. Discourse Analysis is neither a qualitative nor a quantitative research method, but a manner of questioning the basic assumptions of quantitative and qualitative research methods. There are three areas of study which contribute to discourse analysis;
a. Genres, is a class of communicative events with share some set of communicative purposes. It includes conversations, consultations, lessons and emails.
b. Pragmatics, is a discipline which studies the knowledge and procedures which enable people to understand each other‘s words. Its main concern is not the literal meaning, but what speakers intend to do with their words.
c. Paralanguage, is a kind of ways to convey something to whom we intended to. It has not been extensively studied by applied linguists, because its role in speech has been left to psychology, in writing to typography and information design.

7. The development and future direction of Applied Linguistics As the previous orientations focus on the knowledge that available to English language teachers, or specifically, dealing with the consequence that language learning was improved and then a linguistic applied to political applied, because its approach is contrary to the direction of influence (regarded as the post / present direction). However, in predicting towards the development of applied linguistics in future, it is appealing to the slippery concept of “interdisciplinary” or it assumed that an applied linguistic existed only at the intersection of other fields. In addition, applied linguistics in the future will be rather an autonomous, dynamic emergent, exciting, and becomes influential voice to enable one to speak authoritatively.